knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
library(nycflights13)
library(tidyverse)
## -- Attaching packages ---- tidyverse 1.3.0 --
## v ggplot2 3.3.2     v purrr   0.3.4
## v tibble  3.0.3     v dplyr   1.0.2
## v tidyr   1.1.2     v stringr 1.4.0
## v readr   1.3.1     v forcats 0.5.0
## -- Conflicts ------- tidyverse_conflicts() --
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
#How many flights have a missing dep_time?
sum(is.na(flights$dep_delay))
## [1] 8255
#answer = 8255



#What other variables are missing? What might these rows represent?
summary(flights)
##       year          month             day           dep_time    sched_dep_time
##  Min.   :2013   Min.   : 1.000   Min.   : 1.00   Min.   :   1   Min.   : 106  
##  1st Qu.:2013   1st Qu.: 4.000   1st Qu.: 8.00   1st Qu.: 907   1st Qu.: 906  
##  Median :2013   Median : 7.000   Median :16.00   Median :1401   Median :1359  
##  Mean   :2013   Mean   : 6.549   Mean   :15.71   Mean   :1349   Mean   :1344  
##  3rd Qu.:2013   3rd Qu.:10.000   3rd Qu.:23.00   3rd Qu.:1744   3rd Qu.:1729  
##  Max.   :2013   Max.   :12.000   Max.   :31.00   Max.   :2400   Max.   :2359  
##                                                  NA's   :8255                 
##    dep_delay          arr_time    sched_arr_time   arr_delay       
##  Min.   : -43.00   Min.   :   1   Min.   :   1   Min.   : -86.000  
##  1st Qu.:  -5.00   1st Qu.:1104   1st Qu.:1124   1st Qu.: -17.000  
##  Median :  -2.00   Median :1535   Median :1556   Median :  -5.000  
##  Mean   :  12.64   Mean   :1502   Mean   :1536   Mean   :   6.895  
##  3rd Qu.:  11.00   3rd Qu.:1940   3rd Qu.:1945   3rd Qu.:  14.000  
##  Max.   :1301.00   Max.   :2400   Max.   :2359   Max.   :1272.000  
##  NA's   :8255      NA's   :8713                  NA's   :9430      
##    carrier              flight       tailnum             origin         
##  Length:336776      Min.   :   1   Length:336776      Length:336776     
##  Class :character   1st Qu.: 553   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Median :1496   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                     Mean   :1972                                        
##                     3rd Qu.:3465                                        
##                     Max.   :8500                                        
##                                                                         
##      dest              air_time        distance         hour      
##  Length:336776      Min.   : 20.0   Min.   :  17   Min.   : 1.00  
##  Class :character   1st Qu.: 82.0   1st Qu.: 502   1st Qu.: 9.00  
##  Mode  :character   Median :129.0   Median : 872   Median :13.00  
##                     Mean   :150.7   Mean   :1040   Mean   :13.18  
##                     3rd Qu.:192.0   3rd Qu.:1389   3rd Qu.:17.00  
##                     Max.   :695.0   Max.   :4983   Max.   :23.00  
##                     NA's   :9430                                  
##      minute        time_hour                  
##  Min.   : 0.00   Min.   :2013-01-01 05:00:00  
##  1st Qu.: 8.00   1st Qu.:2013-04-04 13:00:00  
##  Median :29.00   Median :2013-07-03 10:00:00  
##  Mean   :26.23   Mean   :2013-07-03 05:22:54  
##  3rd Qu.:44.00   3rd Qu.:2013-10-01 07:00:00  
##  Max.   :59.00   Max.   :2013-12-31 23:00:00  
## 
#answer: dep_time, dep_delay, arr_time, arr_delay, air_time
#Sort flights to find the most delayed flights. Find the flights that left earliest.
arrange(flights, dep_delay)
arrange(flights, desc(dep_delay))
#answers: earliest flight = #97, most delayed = #51
#Does the result of running the following code surprise you?
#How do the select helpers deal with case by default? How can you change that default?
select(flights, contains("TIME"))
#answers: no. it selected the things associated with "TIME", pretty straightforward. 
  #select helpers ignore case by default 'ignore.case = FALSE' will change that.
#Compare air_time with arr_time - dep_time.
#What do you expect to see? What do you see? What do you need to do to fix it?
fly_time <- (flights$arr_time-flights$dep_time)
#flights$arr_time > fly_time --> prints massive chart
transmute(flights, arr_time, fly_time)

answers: a bunch of TRUE/False outputs.and that’s what we get. and then fix it: